La liste des partitions de Linux est disponible par la commande cat /proc/partitions.
Elle renvoie :
major minor  #blocks  name

   8        0  125034840 sda
   8        1     248976 sda1
   8        2          1 sda2
   8        5  124784856 sda5
  11        0    1048575 sr0
 252        0  124782808 dm-0
 252        1  116432896 dm-1
 252        2    8347648 dm-2


On peut aussi le faire par la commande sudo fdisk -l:

Disk /dev/hda: 122.9 GB, 122942324736 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 14946 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/hda1   *           1        6374    51199123+  83  Linux
/dev/hda2            6375        6504     1044225   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/hda3            6505       14946    67810365   83  Linux

Disk /dev/sda: 300.0 GB, 300090728448 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 36483 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1               1       36483   293049666   83  Linux